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Sur la nature des mois en usage dans les ères précédentes. – Une réforme calendaire sous Yazdgird I^er https://eman-archives.org/TransPerse/files/original/46d831ea1365fc960c28ce78d2cf4149.png 30c9331c0c520eb5ffbf53238e0be4bc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Fiche : Projet ANR TransPerse (CeRMI, CNRS) ; projet EMAN (Thalim, CNRS-ENS-Sorbonne Nouvelle). Licence Creative Commons Attribution – Partage à l'Identique 3.0 (CC BY-SA 3.0 FR). Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Projet ANR TransPerse (CeRMI, CNRS) ; projet EMAN (Thalim, CNRS-ENS-Sorbonne Nouvelle). Projet ANR &lt;i&gt;TransPerse&lt;/i&gt; (CeRMI, CNRS) ; projet EMAN (Thalim, CNRS-ENS-Sorbonne Nouvelle). Language A language of the resource arabe Title A name given to the resource I. Chapitre V. Sur la nature des mois en usage dans les ères précédentes. – Une réforme calendaire sous Yazdgird I^er https://eman-archives.org/TransPerse/files/original/3c6269135313726fce6fa10814a2fbcf.png aecac8430a84b00dc71f915a462693f4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Fiche : Projet ANR TransPerse (CeRMI, CNRS) ; projet EMAN (Thalim, CNRS-ENS-Sorbonne Nouvelle). Licence Creative Commons Attribution – Partage à l'Identique 3.0 (CC BY-SA 3.0 FR). Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Projet ANR TransPerse (CeRMI, CNRS) ; projet EMAN (Thalim, CNRS-ENS-Sorbonne Nouvelle). Projet ANR &lt;i&gt;TransPerse&lt;/i&gt; (CeRMI, CNRS) ; projet EMAN (Thalim, CNRS-ENS-Sorbonne Nouvelle). Language A language of the resource arabe Title A name given to the resource I. Chapitre V. Sur la nature des mois en usage dans les ères précédentes. – Une réforme calendaire sous Yazdgird I^er https://eman-archives.org/TransPerse/files/original/ed0f3c5caba0d5a350c0acccfb234a80.png ab7d941a05e5c37b1316b649b18fcb59 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Fiche : Projet ANR TransPerse (CeRMI, CNRS) ; projet EMAN (Thalim, CNRS-ENS-Sorbonne Nouvelle). Licence Creative Commons Attribution – Partage à l'Identique 3.0 (CC BY-SA 3.0 FR). Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Projet ANR TransPerse (CeRMI, CNRS) ; projet EMAN (Thalim, CNRS-ENS-Sorbonne Nouvelle). Projet ANR &lt;i&gt;TransPerse&lt;/i&gt; (CeRMI, CNRS) ; projet EMAN (Thalim, CNRS-ENS-Sorbonne Nouvelle). Language A language of the resource arabe Title A name given to the resource I. Chapitre V. Sur la nature des mois en usage dans les ères précédentes. – Une réforme calendaire sous Yazdgird I^er Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource al-Bīrūnī, <em>Chronologie des nations (Al-āthār al-bāqiya ‘an al-qurūn al-khāliya)</em> Description An account of the resource <br /> <p style="text-align: justify;">Le savant musulman Abū l-Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī (973-1048) étudia les sciences (astronomie, mathématiques, philosophie, pharmécopée et médecine) aux côtés d'Avicenne dans une université du Khwārezm dont il était originaire, sous l'égide du prince ‘Abū Naṣr Manṣūr ibn ‘Alī ibn ‘Irāq. Très tôt, vers l'âge de 25/27 ans, il entreprit la rédaction de sa <em>Chronologie des nations</em>: al-Bīrūnī est alors dans le Gurgān, au sud-est de la mer Caspienne, et œuvre à la cour du sultan Qābūs ibn Wushmagīr, mécène des lettres et des arts. C'est à lui qu'il dédia son ouvrage, consacré aux ères dynastiques des peuples et des hiérarques de différentes religions, aux origines astrologiques et mathématiques des fondations et des successions.</p> Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Christelle Jullien, Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Fiche : Projet ANR TransPerse (CeRMI, CNRS) ; projet EMAN (Thalim, CNRS-ENS-Sorbonne Nouvelle). Licence Creative Commons Attribution – Partage à l'Identique 3.0 (CC BY-SA 3.0 FR). Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Projet ANR TransPerse (CeRMI, CNRS) ; projet EMAN (Thalim, CNRS-ENS-Sorbonne Nouvelle). Sources historiographiques Regroupement des champs nécessaires pour traiter les textes des auteurs. Chaque auteur peut avoir de multiples textes. Chaque texte d'un auteur peut contenir de multiples partie à traiter de façon séparée (une notice par unité) : Pages, chapitres ou paragraphes Les informations sur les auteurs sont à saisir sur leur fiche. Il faut faire un lien avec item-relations entre le texte et l’auteur. Seuls 5 champs Dublin Core sont utilisés et à saisir dans le signet Dublin Core : Titre, Créateur, Date, Langue, Sujets (mots-clés) Traduction ok Texte de la traduction <div style="text-align: center;"><br />Chapitre V<em><br />Sur la nature des mois en usage dans les ères précédentes<br /></em>– Une réforme calendaire sous Yazdgird I^er –<em><br /></em></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /> <p><strong>[trad. </strong><strong>Sachau p. 38] [ar. p. 33]</strong> Now, although in bringing about this measure much ingenuity has been displayed, Naurūz has not thereby returned to that place which it occupied at the time when intercalation was still practised in the Persian empire. For the Persians had already begun to neglect their intercalation nearly seventy years before the death of Yazdajird [Yazdgird]. Because at the time of Yazdajird ben Shā[b]ūr they had intercalated into their year two months, one of them as the necessary compensation for that space of time, by which the year had moved backward (it being too short). The five Epigomenæ they put as a mark at the end of this intercalary month, and the turn had just come to Ābān-Māh, as we shall explain hereafter. The second month they intercalated with regard to the future, that no other intercalation might be needed for a long period. <br />Now, if you subtract from the sum of the years between Yazdajird ben Shā[b]ūr and Yazdajird ben Shahryar 120 years, you get a remainder of nearly – but not exactly – 70 years; there is much uncertainty and confusion in the Persian chronology. The Portio intercalanda of these 70 years would amount to nearly 17 days. Therefore it would have been necessary, if we calculate without mathematical accuracy, to postpone Naurūz not 60, but 77 days, in order that it might coincide with the 28th of Haziran. The man who worked out this reform, was of opinion, that the Persian method of intercalation was similar to the Greek method. Therefore he computed the days since the extinction of their empire. Whilst in reality the matter is a different one, as we have already explained, and shall more fully explain hereafter. (…)<br /><br /><strong>[trad. Sachau p. 55] [ar. p. 45]</strong> Further, peuple relate: When Zoroaster arose and intercalated the years with the months, which up to that time had summed up from the day -quarters, time returned to its original condition. Then he ordered people in all future times to do with the day-quarters the same as he had done, and they obeyed his command. They did not call the intercalary month by a special name, nor did they repeat the name of another month, but they kept it simply in memory from one turn to another. Being, however, afraid that there might arise uncertainty as to the place, where the intercalary month would have again to be inserted, they transferred the five Epagomenæ and put them at the end of that month, to which the turn of intercalation had proceeded on the last occasion of intercalating. And as this subject was of great importance and of general use to high and low, to the king and to the subjects, an as it is required to be treated with knowledge, and to be carried out in conformity with mature (i.e. with real time), they used to pustpone intercalation, when its time happened to occur at a period when the condition of the empire was disturbod by calamities; then they neglected <strong>[trad. Sachau p. 56]</strong> intercalation so long, until the day-quarters summed up to two months. Or, on the other hand, they anticipated intercalating the year at once by two months, when they expected that at the time of the next coming intercalation circumstances would distract their attention therefrom, as it has been done in the time of Yazdajird [Yazdgird] ben Sābūr, for no other motive but that of precaution. That was the last intercalation which they carried out, under the superintendence of a Dastūr, called Yazdajird [Yazdgird] Alhizarī. Hizār was an estate in the district of Iṣṭakhr in Fārs, from which he received his name. In that intercalation the turn had come to Ābān Māh; therefore, the Epagomenæ were added at its end, and there they have remained ever since on account of their neglecting intercalation. (…)<br /><br /><strong>[trad. </strong><strong>Sachau p. 121] [ar. p. 118] </strong>Further, we are informed by traditions, the correctness of which is proved by their mutual agreement, that the last intercalation was carried out at the time of Yazdajird [Yazdgird] ben Shā[b]ūr, and that the Epagomenæ were put at the end of that month, to which the turn of intercalation had [ar. p.119] come, viz. the eighth month (Ābān-Māh). If, now, we count the interval between Alexander and Ardashīr as 537 years, we find the interval between Zoroaster and Yazdajird ben Shā[b]ūr to be nearly 970 years, in which eight leap months are due, since it was their custom to intercalate one month in every 120 years. But if we count that interval (between Alexander and Ardashīr) as 260-270 years, or something more, as 300 years, as most authors do, we get a sum of about 600 years, in which only five leap months would be due, whilst we have already mentioned their report stating that eight leap mouths are due in that period. The latter is therefore an irreconcileable supposition (viz. that the interval between Alexander and Ardashīr is not more than 260-300 years).</p> <hr /></div> Traducteur ok Nom, Prénom du traducteur du texte C. Edward Sachau Extrait situé sous le règne de ok Liste déroulante Yazdgird Ier Type de contenu ok liste déroulante Texte historiographique Editions ok <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;">Texte :</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Sachau, E., <em>Al-āthār al-bāqiya ‘an al-qurūn al-khāliya</em>, Leipzig, 1878.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Traduction anglaise :</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Sachau, E., <em>The Chronology of Ancient Nations; an English version of the Arabic text of the Athâr-ul-Bâkiya of Albîrûnî, or “Vestiges of the past”</em>, Londres, 1879.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Traduction allemande :</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Fück, J., «Sechs Ergänzungen zu Sachaus Ausgabe von al-Bīrūnīs “Chronologie Orientalischer Völker”», in J. Fück (ed.), <em>Documenta Islamica inedita</em>, Berlin, 1952, p. 69-98.</div> Références bibliographiques ok <div style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">- Kennedy, E. S., «Al-Bīrūnī», <em>Dictionary of Scienttific Biography</em>, II, ed.C. C. Gillispie, New York, 1970, p.147-158.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">- Strohmaier, G., «Al-Bīrūnī», dans&nbsp;D. Thomas, A. Mallett (eds),&nbsp;<em>Christian-Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History.</em>&nbsp;IV. <em>1200‒1350</em>,&nbsp;(<em>History of Christian-Muslim Relations</em>&nbsp;17), Leiden, 2012, p. 73-80. Voir bibliographie.</div> Référence image Ok Référence de l’image <br />Sachau, E., <em>Al-āthār al-bāqiya ‘an al-qurūn al-khāliya</em>, Leipzig, 1878. Analyse du passage ok Au moins 5000 caractères <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />La durée et la chronologie du règne de Yazdgird ne font pas l'objet d'un consensus dans la documentation, qu'elle soit grecque, syriaque, arabe ou persane. Nikolaus Schindel en a commodément synthétisé les principales données, qui varient entre 21 ans (chez Agathias, Élie de Nisibe et Ferdowsī), 21 ans et quelques mois (9 mois pour l'<em>Histoire syro-orientale</em> de Séert, 5 mois pour Eutychius d'Alexandrie ainsi que différentes versions d'al-Tabarī ou d'al-Bīrūnī, 10 pour al-Masʿudī), 22 ans pour la <em>Passion </em>syriaque <em>de ʿAbdā et ses compagnons </em>(<em>BHO</em> 6), 22 ans et 5 mois (une version de Tabarī) voire 23 ans (al-Bīrūnī d'après al-Kisrawī). Schindel, N., <em>Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum Paris – Berlin – Wien. Band III/1. Shapur II. –&nbsp; Kawad I. / 2. Regierung</em>, Wien, 2004, p. 510-512, Appendix IV (2.18). Voir aussi Herman, G., <em>The Last Years of Yazdgird I and the Christians</em>, in G. Herman (ed.), <em>Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians: Religious Dynamics in a Sasanian Context</em>, (<em>Judaism in Context</em>, 17), Piscataway NJ, 2014,&nbsp;p. 67 n. 2.<br /><br />D'après l'extrait d'al-Bīrūnī, le calendrier aurait été modifié dans le courant sous le règne de Yazdgird Ier avec l'insertion de deux mois épagomènes de trente jours assortis des cinq jours supplémentaires après le huitième mois. S. H. Taqizadeh estimait que cet ajout de mois et de jours intercalaires avait affecté le mois d'avril-mai, reporté sur juillet-août. Taqizadeh, S. H., «Some Chronological Data relating to the Sasanian Period», <em>Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies</em> 9, 1937-1939, p. 132-133; voir aussi: Bickerman, E., «Time-Reckoning»,<em>&nbsp;The Cambridge History of Iran</em> 3/2, p. 787. Dans un autre passage, al-Bīrūnī évoque encore cette réforme qu'il situe alors sous le règne de Pērōz, sans doute par erreur. Cf. Bickerman, p. 787 n. 2.<br />Sur les différents calendriers en usage à l'époque sassanide, voir Nyberg, H. S., <em>Texte zum mazdayasnischen Kalender</em>, Uppsala, 1934, p. 83-85; Higgins, M. J., <em>The Persian War of the Emperor Maurice (582-602). I. The Chronology, with a Brief History of the Persian Calendar</em>, Washington, 1939, p. 1-23; Christensen, A., <em>L'Iran sous les Sassanides</em>, (<em>Annales du Musée Guimet. Bibliothèque d'études</em>&nbsp;48), Copenhague, 1936, 1944², p. 169-173.<br /><br />E. Sachau note (p. 383) que le personnage de Yazdgird Alhizarī est également mentionné par Yāqūt, tout en soupçonnant néanmoins que la source d'information du géographe arabe fut sans doute cet ouvrage d'al-Bīrūnī.<br /><br /></div> Noms propres Perses Yazdgird Ier Šābuhr II Ābān-Māh Yazdgird III Šāhryar Zoroastre Yazdgird Alhizarī Ardašīr I Alexandre Liens ok <br />Édition du texte arabe par E. Sachau, 1878, sur le site <a href="https://archive.org/details/chronologieorie00sachgoog/page/n180/mode/2up">archive.org</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource I. Chapitre V. Sur la nature des mois en usage dans les ères précédentes. – Une réforme calendaire sous Yazdgird I^er Language A language of the resource arabe Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource C. Edward Sachau (éd. et trad.), Christelle Jullien, Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Projet ANR TransPerse (CeRMI, CNRS) ; projet EMAN (Thalim, CNRS-ENS-Sorbonne Nouvelle). Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Fārs Hizar Isṭaḫr Subject The topic of the resource calendrier réforme <em>dastūr</em> nowrūz Epagomenæ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource entre 997/8 et 1003/4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Fiche : Projet ANR TransPerse (CeRMI, CNRS) ; projet EMAN (Thalim, CNRS-ENS-Sorbonne Nouvelle). Licence Creative Commons Attribution – Partage à l'Identique 3.0 (CC BY-SA 3.0 FR). <em>dastūr</em> calendrier Epagomenæ nowrūz réforme